Table of Contents
Topic | Page |
HAZARD, RISK AND DANGER | |
a. Define hazard | 3 |
b. Define risk and danger | 4 |
TYPES OF HAZARD | |
a. Classify physical hazard | 6 |
b. Classify biological hazard | 7 |
c. Classify chemical hazard | 8 |
d. Classify psychological hazard | 9 |
e. Classify ergonomic hazard | 10 |
RISK CONTROL | |
a. Classify hierarchy of control | 11 – 13 |
DEMONSTRATE THE PROPER AND SAFE METHODS IN DEPLOYING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS / HOSE REELS | |
a. Demonstrate the proper and safe methods in deploying portable fire extinguishers / hose reels with respect to the different classes of fire | 14 - 18 |
INTRODUCTION
When one deals with health and safety risk at work, he deals with the probability that an injury occurs and its impact on workers due to the hazards found at his place of work. Probability is a measurement of the frequency of accidents. Thus, the probability of an accident and the impact of accidents can be controlled, then the risk can be managed so that it can be minimized and acceptable.
There are three basic but important words are often used in the management of occupational health and safety risk. The word is that the hazards, risks, and dangers.
HAZARD, RISK AND DANGER
Hazard
Ø A source or a situation with a potential for harm to humans, property and damage of environment or a combination of these.
Danger
Ø Relative exposure to hazard.
Risk
Ø A combination of likelihood of occurrence and severity of injury or damage.
Hazard is anything on their own or interact with one another can lead to injury. This injury is an injury different from the cause of death until the minor injury. "Occupational Health and Safety Assessment Series 18002 (OHSAS 18002) and ISO / IEC Guide 51:1999 defines a hazard as the cause or circumstances that have caused harm in the context of potential injuries and illnesses to people, property damage, damage to the workplace environment, or affiliates. Chemicals, radiation, electricity, Biohazard, unsafe systems of work are some examples of hazards.
DEFINE RISK AND DANGER
A. RISK
According to OHSAS 18002, is a combination of possible risk (probability) and consequences of a hazardous event occurs. Risk can be defined as combinations of factors the likelihood of unfortunate events, exposure and impact of the accident. The probability here means cansa accident occurred.
According to OHSAS 18002, is a combination of possible risk (probability) and consequences of a hazardous event occurs. Risk can be defined as combinations of factors the likelihood of unfortunate events, exposure and impact of the accident. The probability here means cansa accident occurred.
B. DANGER
Better explain the relative dangers of exposure to a hazard. These words are words that describe more or show a risk situation. For example, a person is exposed to the hazards are in greater danger than someone who is not exposed to the hazard.
Better explain the relative dangers of exposure to a hazard. These words are words that describe more or show a risk situation. For example, a person is exposed to the hazards are in greater danger than someone who is not exposed to the hazard.
The relationship between hazard, risk and hazard
The relationship between hazards, risks and dangers more easily explained using an example. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the chemical hazard because the intrinsic nature of the corrosive potential cause harm to human health and damage to some materials. Risk of splashing acid on her face is higher for those workers who did not wear a face shield compared with those who wear it. Hazard if the pipette with the hydrochloric acid by mouth.
The relationship between hazards, risks and dangers more easily explained using an example. Concentrated hydrochloric acid is the chemical hazard because the intrinsic nature of the corrosive potential cause harm to human health and damage to some materials. Risk of splashing acid on her face is higher for those workers who did not wear a face shield compared with those who wear it. Hazard if the pipette with the hydrochloric acid by mouth.
TYPES OF HAZARD
A. Physical hazard
B. Biological hazard
C. Chemical Hazard
D. Psychology hazard
E. Ergonomic Hazard
Examples of health hazards are:
Ø Physical (noise, heat, radiation, vibration, pressure, machinery, electricity ... etc.);
Ø Chemical (gases, vapours, acids, alkali, poisons, aerosols, irritants ... etc.);
Ø Biological (pathogens, fungi, other micro organisms ... etc.);
Ø Psychosocial (stress, social problems, accidents at workplace/home, fear of failure, retrenchment ... etc.);
Ø Ergonomic (workplace design, layout of workstation, excessive manual handling, design of tools ... etc.)
Based on the definition of hazard we will find the various types of hazards can be found in a task or the workplace. If we are asked to list the hazards, the hazard is, usually we will focus on what we see, the real and only cause of death or injury. Because there are too many hazards, here we will touch on only the following:
PHYSICAL HAZARD
Physical hazards are hazards arising from dangerous machinery and equipment used. A machinery and equipment are considered hazardous if :
Physical hazards are hazards arising from dangerous machinery and equipment used. A machinery and equipment are considered hazardous if :
Ø Designed unsafe and unsound.
Ø Not properly maintained.
Ø Carried out by untrained workers.
Ø Used for no real work.
Ø Used in a different.
Ø Changed / revised illegally.
Ø Employees are not ready or do not concentrate when using it.
BIOLOGICAL HAZARD
Workers involved in the analysis of biological specimens will usually be exposed to infection. The level of danger of a biological specimen is different:
Ø The nature and concentration of natural disease agent.
Ø Access to disease agents into the body.
Ø Durability of exposed workers.
Entrance to the body are :
Ø Absorption, occurs through wounds and abrasions of the skin, absorbed through the skin or eyes, contact with contaminated hands or utensils.
Ø Direct inoculation occurs by means of broken glass, needles and other agents which can be entered directly into the blood.
Ø Ingestion via the mouth can occur with cigarette smoking, eating, nail biting and eating without washing hands.
Ø The formation of aerosols, the results of various laboratory procedures such as spills, centrifugation, homogenization, and spray combustion.
CHEMICAL HAZARD
Among the reported industrial accidents was due to touch and smell injury chemicals. Chemicals used in factories are hazardous and can cause injury if exposed without being protected. Chemicals such as acids, alkalis, gases, solvents, cement, synthetic rubber, glass fibers and adhesive material that is harmful and should take security measures when handling.
For some individuals, wood dust and the natural oils from the animal can cause skin reactions. Among its effects is the skin blisters, blisters, burns and leaves a scar. Other areas vulnerable to the chemicals is the eyes, nose, throat and upper respiratory tract. Effects of chemicals is dependent on the pH, concentration, exposure period and the nature of a chemical reaction.
PSYCHOLOGICAL HAZARD
Those that are basically causing stress to a worker. This kind of hazard troubles an individual very much to an extent that his general well-being is affected.
Example disorder psychology :
Ø A phobic disorder is marked by a continual, irrational fear of a specific situation or object such as snakes, heights, being closed in a small place, or leaving the home environment. Each phobia has a different name depending on the thing feared, such as acrophobia, a fear of high places; agoraphobia, a fear of open spaces; and social phobia, a fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur.
Ø A panic disorder is characterized by a chronic state of tension that can erupt in sudden episodes of intense panic or dread that last several minutes (or hours) and may include a variety of symptoms such as chest pains, trembling, and dizziness.
Ø An obsessive-compulsive disorder is an extreme preoccupation with certain thoughts and compulsive performance of particular behaviors. An obsession is the unsolicited reoccurrence of disturbing thoughts; a compulsion is a repetitive behavior (such as checking door locks) or mental activity (counting, praying, etc.) that one feels compelled to do, even against one's will. An example of the disorder is the compulsion to wash one's hands repeatedly, often to the extent of making them sore.
Ø A post-traumatic stress disorder is characterized by the reexperiencing of a traumatic event, symptoms of increased arousal, avoidance of reminders of the original trauma, and diminished interest in daily activities. Many war veterans retain vivid memories of (flashbacks) and nightmares about traumatic events experienced during battle.
ERGONOMIC HAZARD
Ergonomic hazards associated with the human mismatch with its environment. It is usually associated with errors or deficiencies in the design and engineering work processes to meet the needs of human physiology and psychology. For example, typing jobs in the state of good ergonomics, have proven able to lead 'Carpel Tunnel Syndrome and back pain.
Ergonomic hazards include:
Ø poor lighting
Ø improperly adjusted workstations and chairs
Ø frequent lifting
Ø poor posture
Ø awkward movements, especially if they are repetitive
Ø repeating the same movements over and over
Ø having to use too much force, especially if you have to do it frequently.
RISK CONTROL
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL
Keep this in mind when choosing control solutions for identified hazards.
Your ability to control hazards decreases as you go down the following list of solutions…
Ø Substitution/Elimination
Ø Engineering
Ø Administration
Ø Personal Protective Equipment
Substitution/Elimination
Ø Can the work be completed in a way that the hazard can be completely eliminated?
Ø Can you replace the hazard with something less hazardous, and still get the job done?
o Example: replace an organic solvent cleaner with an non-toxic citrus-based cleaner.
Administration
Ø Can you limit employee exposure through scheduling of work?
o Example: Can you limit the amount of time employee is exposed using the employee’s work schedule?
Ø Watch out for the need for administration pitfalls!
o Workload requiring extra work time
o Peer absences
Engineering
Ø Can the hazard be eliminated or mitigated through remodeling/revamping equipment?
o Example: Surround a process that creates loud noise with a sound-dampening enclosure.
Personal Protective Equipment (least desirable)
Ø Unpopular with employees, often uncomfortable.
Ø Requires increased level of supervision to ensure proper use and maintenance.
o Examples: Respirators and hearing protection
HIERARCHY OF CONTROL MEASURES
a. Prevention
b. Engineering
c. Policy/Procedural
Prevention Controls
Ø eliminate use of substance, material, plant or equipment
Ø replace with less hazardous substance, material, plant or equipment
Ø exclude non essential personnel
Engineering Controls
Ø enclose process
Ø automate all or part of the process
Ø use local exhaust ventilation
Ø fit guarding
Ø implement inspection & test regime
Ø implement preventative maintenance
Policy/Procedural Controls
Ø reduce exposure (e.g. job rotation)
Ø written safe system of work
Ø regular workplace inspections
Ø emergency arrangements
Ø pre-employment medicals
Ø health surveillance programme
use of PPE (last resort)DEMONSTRATE THE PROPER AND SAFE METHODS IN DEPLOYING PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS / HOSE REELS
Demonstrate the proper and safe methods in deploying portable fire extinguishers / hose reels with respect to the different classes of fire
- FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
CLASSES OF FIRE
Ø Class A fires - the most common type, are ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, rubber and many plastics.
Ø Class B fires - flammable liquids, gases and greases.
Ø Class C fires - energized electrical equipment or wiring where the electric non-conductivity of the extinguishing agent is important. However, when the equipment or wiring is de-energized, remaining combustion is Class A or B and extinguishers for those fires may be safely used.
Ø Class D fires - combustible metals such as magnesium, titanium, zirconium, sodium and potassium. You will not often be called upon to supply extinguishers for Class D fires.
HOW TO USE A FIRE EXTINGUISHERS?
Ø Pull the Pin at the top of the extinguisher. The pin releases a locking mechanism and will allow you to discharge the extinguisher.
Ø Aim at the base of the fire, not the flames. This is important - in order to put out the fire, you must extinguish the fuel.
Ø Squeeze the lever slowly. This will release the extinguishing agent in the extinguisher. If the handle is released, the discharge will stop.
Ø Sweep from side to side. Using a sweeping motion, move the fire extinguisher back and forth until the fire is completely out. Operate the extinguisher from a safe distance, several feet away, and then move towards the fire once it starts to diminish. Be sure to read the instructions on your fire extinguisher - different fire extinguishers recommend operating them from different distances. Remember: Aim at the base of the fire, not at the flames!!!!
2.HOSE REELS
HOW TO USE A HOSE REELS?
Ø Connect the hose to the outside wall faucet by threading the brass hose nozzle counter-clockwise on the faucet. Turn on the water by twisting the faucet knob counter-clockwise.
Ø Open the cover on the hose reel by lifting straight up to pull out the end of the fire hose.
Ø Peel the hose from the reel as far as necessary to reach the desired length for spraying the hose.
Ø Turn the crank handle on the side of the hose reel counter-clockwise to retrieve the hose and coil it back on the spool inside the reel when finished watering the fire.
Ø Shut off the water to the hose by turning the faucet knob clockwise
